LYCOPIN (Lycopene)
Aktuelle wissenschaftliche Studien | 111-130
111: J Nutr Biochem. 2007 Oct;18(10):667-75. Epub 2007 Mar 21.
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Carotenoids suppress proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1 expression in oral carcinogenic models.
Cheng HC, Chien H, Liao CH, Yang YY, Huang SY.
Orthodontic Department, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemopreventive effect of carotenoids on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D(1) expression in betel (Areca catechu) quid extract (BQE)-induced hamster oral cancer and human KB cell models, respectively. In the in vivo animal study, 41 hamsters were divided into six groups and treated with 0.3 ml of 0.5% 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benz[a]-anthracene, BQE, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and mixed carotenoids for 12 weeks. After treatment, the pouches were excised and graded using an immunohistochemical assay of PCNA. In the in vitro cell experiment, KB cells were cultured, and the inhibitory effect of carotenoids (beta-carotene, lycopene and lutein) on cell proliferation was evaluated. Cyclin D(1) and PCNA were evaluated in terms of cell differentiation. In the results, most of the animal lesions showed no overexpression of PCNA. However, in dysplastic lesions, PCNA expressions by the beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, mixed and vitamin E groups were less than that of the control group. In papilloma lesions, PCNA expressions by the beta-carotene, mixed and vitamin E groups were less severe than that of the control group. PCNA expression by the vitamin E-treated group was less severe than that of the control group. No carcinoma was found in the lycopene or mixed groups. In the cell study, all carotenoids exerted a significant inhibitory effect on KB cell proliferation. Although lycopene suppressed KB cell proliferation at the G(0)/G(1) phase with a significant decrease in PCNA expression, beta-carotene and lutein possessed less of an inhibitory effect and even exhibited elevated cell proliferation at the G(2)/M phase. These results indicate that different carotenoids present various suppressive abilities against PCNA and cyclin D(1) expressions in cell proliferation. In conclusion, carotenoids suppressed the carcinogenesis of induced hamster oral cancer and a cancer cell line by acting as a suppressor which inhibited the expressions of PCNA and cyclin D(1).
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PMID: 17369034 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
112: Photosynth Res. 2007 Oct;94(1):67-78. Epub 2007 Jul 19.
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Cation radicals of xanthophylls.
Galinato MG, Niedzwiedzki D, Deal C, Birge RR, Frank HA.
Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
Carotenes and xanthophylls are well known to act as electron donors in redox processes. This ability is thought to be associated with the inhibition of oxidative reactions in reaction centers and light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes of photosystem II (PSII). In this work, cation radicals of neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, beta-carotene, and lycopene were generated in solution using ferric chloride as an oxidant and then studied by absorption spectroscopy. The investigation provides a view toward understanding the molecular features that determine the spectral properties of cation radicals of carotenoids. The absorption spectral data reveal a shift to longer wavelength with increasing pi-chain length. However, zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin exhibit cation radical spectra blue-shifted compared to that of beta-carotene, despite all of these molecules having 11 conjugated carbon-carbon double bonds. CIS molecular orbital theory quantum computations interpret this effect as due to the hydroxyl groups in the terminal rings selectively stabilizing the highest occupied molecular orbitals of preferentially populated s-trans-isomers. The data are expected to be useful in the analysis of spectral results from PSII pigment-protein complexes seeking to understand the role of carotene and xanthophyll cation radicals in regulating excited state energy flow, in protecting PSII reaction centers against photoinhibition, and in dissipating excess light energy absorbed by photosynthetic organisms but not used for photosynthesis.
Publication Types:
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
PMID: 17638112 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
113: Plant Cell. 2007 Oct;19(10):3194-211. Epub 2007 Oct 12.
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Erratum in:
- Plant Cell. 2007 Dec;19(12):4131-2.
Manipulation of phytoene levels in tomato fruit: effects on isoprenoids, plastids, and intermediary metabolism.
Fraser PD, Enfissi EM, Halket JM, Truesdale MR, Yu D, Gerrish C, Bramley PM.
School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 OEX, United Kingdom.
In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), phytoene synthase-1 (PSY-1) is the key biosynthetic enzyme responsible for the synthesis of fruit carotenoids. To further our understanding of carotenoid formation in tomato fruit, we characterized the effect of constitutive expression of an additional tomato Psy-1 gene product. A quantitative data set defining levels of carotenoid/isoprenoid gene expression, enzyme activities, and metabolites was generated from fruit that showed the greatest perturbation in carotenoid content. Transcriptional upregulation, resulting in increased enzyme activities and metabolites, occurred only in the case of Psy-1, Psy-2, and lycopene cyclase B. For reactions involving 1-deoxy-d-xylulose5-phosphate synthase, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, phytoene desaturase, zeta-carotene desaturase, carotene isomerase, and lycopene beta-cyclase, there were no correlations between gene expression, enzyme activities, and metabolites. Perturbations in carotenoid composition were associated with changes in plastid type and with chromoplast-like structures arising prematurely during fruit development. The levels of >120 known metabolites were determined. Comparison with the wild type illustrated that key metabolites (sucrose, glucose/fructose, and Glu) and sectors of intermediary metabolism (e.g., tricarboxylic [corrected] acid cycle intermediates and fatty acids) in the Psy-1 transgenic mature green fruit resembled changes in metabolism associated with fruit ripening. General fruit developmental and ripening properties, such as ethylene production and fruit firmness, were unaffected. Therefore, it appears that the changes to pigmentation, plastid type, and metabolism associated with Psy-1 overexpression are not connected with the ripening process.
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PMID: 17933904 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
PMCID: PMC2174704 [Available on 10/01/08]
114: Plant Physiol. 2007 Oct;145(2):389-401. Epub 2007 Aug 17.
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Transcriptional profiling of high pigment-2dg tomato mutant links early fruit plastid biogenesis with its overproduction of phytonutrients.
Kolotilin I, Koltai H, Tadmor Y, Bar-Or C, Reuveni M, Meir A, Nahon S, Shlomo H, Chen L, Levin I.
Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
Phenotypes of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) high pigment-2(dg) (hp-2(dg)) and hp-2(j) mutants are caused by lesions in the gene encoding DEETIOLATED1, a negative regulator of light signaling. Homozygous hp-2(dg) and hp-2(j) plants display a plethora of distinctive developmental and metabolic phenotypes in comparison to their normal isogenic counterparts. These mutants are, however, best known for the increased levels of carotenoids, primarily lycopene, and other plastid-accumulating functional metabolites. In this study we analyzed the transcriptional alterations in mature-green, breaker, and early red fruits of hp-2(dg)/hp-2(dg) plants in relation to their normal counterparts using microarray technology. Results show that a large portion of the genes that are affected by hp-2(dg) mutation display a tendency for up- rather than down-regulation. Ontology assignment of these differentially regulated transcripts revealed a consistent up-regulation of transcripts related to chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis in hp-2(dg) mutants throughout fruit ripening. A tendency of up-regulation was also observed in structural genes involved in phytonutrient biosynthesis. However, this up-regulation was not as consistent, positioning plastid biogenesis as an important determinant of phytonutrient overproduction in hp-2(dg) and possibly other hp mutant fruits. Microscopic observations revealed a highly significant increase in chloroplast size and number in pericarp cells of mature-green hp-2(dg)/hp-2(dg) and hp-2(j)/hp-2(j) fruits in comparison to their normal counterparts. This increase could be observed from early stages of fruit development. Therefore, the molecular trigger that drives phytonutrient overproduction in hp-2(dg) and hp-2(j) mutant fruits should be initially traced at these early stages.
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PMID: 17704236 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
PMCID: PMC2048735 [Available on 10/01/08]
115: Public Health Nutr. 2007 Oct;10(10):1018-23. Epub 2007 Feb 19.
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Changes in carotenoid intake from fruit and vegetables in the Spanish population over the period 1964-2004.
Granado F, Blázquez S, Olmedilla B.
Unidad de Vitaminas, Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28035 Madrid, Spain. fgranado.hpth@salud.madrid.org
OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in carotenoid intake based on the variations in the consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables in the Spanish population over the period 1964-2004. DESIGN: Consumption data of fresh fruit and vegetables from Family Budget Surveys carried out in 1964, 1980, 1990 and 2004. Consumption data (g per person per day) accounted for >90% of fruit and vegetable consumption at each time point. Quality controlled high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the carotenoid composition of Spanish fruit and vegetable was used. SUBJECTS: Randomly selected, private households throughout Spain (20,800 households in 1964, 30,311 households in 1980, 21,155 households in 1990 and 6000 households in 2004). Twelve vegetables and 16 fruits representing 89-96% of the total consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables were used. RESULTS: Individual consumption of fruit and vegetables has changed over this period, altering the total and individual intake of carotenoids. Total carotenoid intake increased from 2.5 mg per person per day in 1964 to 4.1 mg per person per day in 1990, with a decrease to 3.3 mg per person per day in 2004. These increments are due to an increase in lycopene, alpha- and beta-carotene, while a decrease in lutein and zeaxanthin is observed during the last decade. A continuous and consistent decrease in the relative contribution of lutein in the diet is observed over the period studied. CONCLUSION: Although the consumption of fruit and vegetables is still consistent with a Mediterranean-type pattern, modifications in the consumption of individual fruits and vegetables have provoked changes in total and specific carotenoid intake with potential relevance in human health.
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PMID: 17381958 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
116: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Sep 19;55(19):7822-30. Epub 2007 Aug 21.
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Carotenoids in white- and red-fleshed loquat fruits.
Zhou CH, Xu CJ, Sun CD, Li X, Chen KS.
Laboratory of Fruit Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Huajiachi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China.
Fruits of 23 loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) cultivars, of which 11 were white-fleshed and 12 red-fleshed, were analyzed for color, carotenoid content, and vitamin A values. Color differences between two loquat groups were observed in the peel as well as in the flesh. beta-Carotene and lutein were the major carotenoids in the peel, which accounted for about 60% of the total colored carotenoids in both red- and white-fleshed cultivars. beta-Cryptoxanthin and, in some red-fleshed cultivars, beta-carotene were the most abundant carotenoids in the flesh, and in total, they accounted for over half of the colored carotenoids. Neoxanthin, violaxanthin, luteoxanthin, 9- cis-violaxanthin, phytoene, phytofluene, and zeta-carotene were also identified, while zeaxanthin, alpha-carotene, and lycopene were undetectable. Xanthophylls were highly esterified. On average, 1.3- and 10.8-fold higher levels of colored carotenoids were observed in the peel and flesh tissue of red-fleshed cultivars, respectively. The percentage of beta-carotene among colored carotenoids was higher in both the peel and the flesh of red-fleshed cultivars. Correlations between the levels of total colored carotenoids and the color indices were analyzed. The a* and the ratio of a*/ b* were positively correlated with the total content of colored carotenoids, while L*, b*, and H degrees correlated negatively. Vitamin A values, as retinol equivalents (RE), of loquat flesh were 0.49 and 8.77 microg/g DW (8.46 and 136.41 microg/100 g FW) on average for white- and red-fleshed cultivars, respectively. The RE values for the red-fleshed fruits were higher than fruits such as mango, red watermelon, papaya, and orange as reported in the literature, suggesting that loquat is an excellent source of provitamin A.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17708644 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
117: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Sep 5;55(18):7405-17. Epub 2007 Aug 11.
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Carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in the citrus genus: number of copies and phylogenetic diversity of seven genes.
Fanciullino AL, Dhuique-Mayer C, Luro F, Morillon R, Ollitrault P.
Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UPR Amélioration Génétique des Espèces à Multiplication Végétative, Avenue Agropolis - TA A-75 / 02, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
The first objective of this paper was to analyze the potential role of allelic variability of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in the interspecific diversity in carotenoid composition of Citrus juices. The second objective was to determine the number of copies for each of these genes. Seven carotenoid biosynthetic genes were analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. RFLP analyses were performed with the genomic DNA obtained from 25 Citrus genotypes using several restriction enzymes. cDNA fragments of Psy, Pds, Zds, Lcy-b, Lcy-e, Hy-b, and Zep genes labeled with [alpha-(32)P]dCTP were used as probes. For SSR analyses, two primer pairs amplifying two SSR sequences identified from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Lcy-b and Hy-b genes were designed. The number of copies of the seven genes ranged from one for Lcy-b to three for Zds. The genetic diversity revealed by RFLP and SSR profiles was in agreement with the genetic diversity obtained from neutral molecular markers. Genetic interpretation of RFLP and SSR profiles of four genes (Psy1, Pds1, Lcy-b, and Lcy-e1) enabled us to make inferences on the phylogenetic origin of alleles for the major commercial citrus species. Moreover, the results of our analyses suggest that the allelic diversity observed at the locus of both of lycopene cyclase genes, Lcy-b and Lcy-e1, is associated with interspecific diversity in carotenoid accumulation in Citrus. The interspecific differences in carotenoid contents previously reported to be associated with other key steps catalyzed by PSY, HY-b, and ZEP were not linked to specific alleles at the corresponding loci.
PMID: 17691802 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
118: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Sep;86(3):672-81.
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Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study.
Key TJ, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Jenab M, Egevad L, Tjønneland A, Johnsen NF, Overvad K, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Palli D, Vineis P, Tumino R, Berrino F, Kiemeney L, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Quirós JR, González CA, Martinez C, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Slimani N, Ferrari P, Rinaldi S, Riboli E.
Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. tim.key@ceu.ox.ac.uk
BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that high plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the associations between plasma concentrations of 7 carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and gamma-tocopherol and prostate cancer risk. DESIGN: A total of 137,001 men in 8 European countries participated. After a mean of 6 y, 966 incident cases of prostate cancer with plasma were available. A total of 1064 control subjects were selected and were matched for study center, age, and date of recruitment. The relative risk of prostate cancer was estimated by conditional logistic regression, which was adjusted for smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, marital status, physical activity, and education level. RESULTS: Overall, none of the micronutrients examined were significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. For lycopene and the sum of carotenoids, there was evidence of heterogeneity between the associations with risks of localized and advanced disease. These carotenoids were not associated with the risk of localized disease but were inversely associated with the risk of advanced disease. The risk of advanced disease for men in the highest fifth of plasma concentrations compared with men in the lowest fifth was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.88) for lycopene and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.78) for the sum of carotenoids. CONCLUSIONS: We observed no associations between plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols and overall prostate cancer risk. The inverse associations of lycopene and the sum of carotenoids with the risk of advanced disease may involve a protective effect, an association of dietary choice with delayed detection of prostate cancer, reverse causality, or other factors.
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PMID: 17823432 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
119: Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Sep;45(9):1731-7. Epub 2007 Mar 16.
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Effect of Lactarius piperatus fruiting body maturity stage on antioxidant activity measured by several biochemical assays.
Barros L, Baptista P, Ferreira IC.
CIMO-Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Sta. Apolónia, Apartado 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.
The effects of fruiting body maturity on antioxidant activity and antioxidants production of the wild mushroom, Lactarius piperatus, were evaluated. Several biochemical assays were used to screen the antioxidant properties: reducing power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, inhibition of erythrocytes hemolysis mediated by peroxyl radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation using the beta-carotene linoleate model system. The amounts of phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and lycopene present in the immature, mature and degraded fruiting bodies were also determined. The highest antioxidant contents and the lowest EC(50) values for antioxidant activity were obtained in the mature stage with immature spores.
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PMID: 17459553 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
120: Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Sep 1;43(5):740-51. Epub 2007 May 10.
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Doxorubicin as an antioxidant: maintenance of myocardial levels of lycopene under doxorubicin treatment.
Ferreira AL, Yeum KJ, Matsubara LS, Matsubara BB, Correa CR, Pereira EJ, Russell RM, Krinsky NI, Tang G.
Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, São Paulo State University, CEP: 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. ferreira@fmb.unesp.br
The mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity remains controversial. Wistar rats (n=96) were randomly assigned to a control (C), lycopene (L), doxorubicin (D), or doxorubicin+lycopene (DL) group. The L and DL groups received lycopene (5 mg/kg body wt/day by gavage) for 7 weeks. The D and DL groups received doxorubicin (4 mg/kg body wt intraperitoneally) at 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks and were killed at 7 weeks for analyses. Myocardial tissue lycopene levels and total antioxidant performance (TAP) were analyzed by HPLC and fluorometry, respectively. Lycopene metabolism was determined by incubating (2)H(10)-lycopene with intestinal mucosa postmitochondrial fraction and lipoxygenase and analyzed with HPLC and APCI mass spectroscopy. Myocardial tissue lycopene levels in DL and L were similar. TAP adjusted for tissue protein were higher in myocardium of D than those of C (P=0.002). Lycopene metabolism study identified a lower oxidative cleavage of lycopene in D as compared to those of C. Our results showed that lycopene was not depleted in myocardium of lycopene-supplemented rats treated with doxorubicin and that higher antioxidant capacity in myocardium and less oxidative cleavage of lycopene in intestinal mucosa of doxorubicin-treated rats suggest an antioxidant role of doxorubicin rather than acting as a prooxidant.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17664138 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
121: J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Sep;107(9):1581-5.
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Serum carotenoid levels vary by marital status.
Stimpson JP, Lackan NA.
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA. jstimpso@hsc.unt.edu
This study examined differences in serum carotenoid levels by marital status. The design was a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of 16,597 participants ages 18 years and older from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The main outcome measures were serum levels of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, and total carotenoids. Multivariate linear regression was used to model the association of serum carotenoids and marital status by sex and age with adjustments made for age, race/ethnicity, years of education, household income, body mass index, alcohol use, physical activity, serum cotinine, serum cholesterol, and vitamin/mineral supplement use. Among men, never married marital status was associated with lower total carotenoid levels (mean 66.16 microg/dL, P=0.05), lutein/zeaxanthin (mean 15.57 microg/dL [0.27 micromol/L], P=0.01), and lycopene (mean 24.28 microg/dL [0.45 micromol/L], P=0.00) compared to married marital status among men. Divorced marital status was associated with lower lycopene levels (mean 24.23 microg/dL [0.45 micromol/L], P=0.00) compared to married men. Compared to married men, widowed marital status was associated with lower alpha-carotene (mean 2.47 microg/dL [0.05 micromol/L], P=0.02), beta-carotene (mean 11.52 microg/dL [0.21 micromol/L], P=0.04), and lycopene levels (mean 25.15 microg/dL [0.47 micromol/L], P=0.04). Among women, widowed marital status was associated with lower levels of total carotenoids (mean 62.72 microg/dL, P=0.01), alpha-carotene (mean 1.85 microg/dL [0.03 micromol/L], P=0.01), beta-carotene (mean 11.57 microg/dL [0.22 micromol/L], P=0.03), and lutein/zeaxanthin (mean 17.50 microg/dL [0.31 micromol/L], P=0.05) compared to married women. Our conclusion is that serum carotenoid levels varied by marital status, and widowed men and women were at the greatest risk of low carotenoid levels.
PMID: 17761235 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
122: J Food Sci. 2007 Sep;72(7):S463-7.
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Effect of hydrogen peroxide on quality of fresh-cut tomato.
Kim HJ, Fonseca JM, Kubota C, Choi JH.
Dept. of Plant Sciences, Yuma Agricultural Research Center, The Univ. of Arizona, Yuma, AZ 85364, USA.
The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 M) on selected nutritional quality of fresh-cut tomato was investigated. Microbial population of tomato slices stored at 10 degrees C and treated with H2O2 was lower than the control by 1- (0.2 and 0.4 M) and 5-log (0.4 M), 3 and 7 d after processing, respectively. Dipping fresh-cut tomato into H2O2 resulted in reduced phenolic and antioxidant levels after 7 d in storage by at least 5% and 20%, respectively, and produced an initial decline in vitamin C and lycopene. Change in color values in the H2O2 treatments were associated with reduced carotenoid content. Our results confirmed antimicrobial benefits of H2O2 but revealed a compromise in antioxidant and carotenoid contents of fresh-cut tomatoes.
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PMID: 17995658 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
123: J Histochem Cytochem. 2007 Sep;55(9):877-83. Epub 2007 Apr 16.
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Immunohistochemical expression of RARalpha, RARbeta, and Cx43 in breast tumor cell lines after treatment with lycopene and correlation with RT-QPCR.
Chalabi N, Delort L, Satih S, Déchelotte P, Bignon YJ, Bernard-Gallon DJ.
Département d'Oncogénétique, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.
Lycopene, the major carotenoid found in tomatoes, is a potent antioxidant associated with the prevention of degenerative diseases such as breast cancer. This effect could be due to the interaction between lycopene and retinoic acid receptors as well as the stimulation of gap junction communication and synthesis of connexin 43. The expression of the RARalpha, RARbeta, and Cx43 proteins was analyzed using immunohistochemistry in two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, and in a fibrocystic dystrophy cell line, MCF-10a, after a 48-hr exposure to 10 microM lycopene. A real-time quantitative PCR analysis was then performed to measure mRNA expression. RARalpha and Cx43 expression were increased at both mRNA and protein levels in two breast cell lines.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17438348 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
124: J Urol. 2007 Sep;178(3 Pt 2):S9-S13. Epub 2007 Jul 20.
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Chemoprevention of prostate cancer: agents and study designs.
Thompson IM.
Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA. thompsoni@uthscsa.edu
PURPOSE: With the completion of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial and the ongoing performance of several additional large-scale prostate cancer prevention trials interest in this intervention has increased. We review promising agents for prostate cancer prevention, clinical trial designs and how these agents may be used clinically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed current and completed randomized chemoprevention trials for prostate cancer as well as the most promising agents for which evidence suggests that a decreased prostate cancer risk may result from their use. RESULTS: Evidence suggests that lycopene, decreased dietary fat, antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol and selenium, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective estrogen receptor modulators such as toremifene and 5alpha-reductase inhibitors may prove useful for decreasing the risk of prostate cancer in a man. Ongoing studies are examining these agents in the 3 general scenarios of 1) general population studies (finasteride, alpha-tocopherol and selenium), 2) increased prostate specific antigen with negative biopsy (dutasteride) and 3) prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (toremifene and selenium). CONCLUSIONS: There are many agents that may decrease the risk of prostate cancer. It requires careful study of the agents in specific populations to determine whether risk is reduced, the magnitude of the risk reduction and the spectrum of side effects associated with the agent. Physicians caring for men entering the range of age of prostate cancer risk must be aware of these preventive opportunities.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17644117 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
125: Mol Biotechnol. 2007 Sep;37(1):26-30.
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Carotenoids and flavonoids contribute to nutritional protection against skin damage from sunlight.
Stahl W, Sies H.
Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf 40001, Germany.
The concept of photoprotection by dietary means is gaining momentum. Plant constituents such as carotenoids and flavonoids are involved in protection against excess light in plants and contribute to the prevention of UV damage in humans. As micronutrients, they are ingested with the diet and are distributed into light-exposed tissues, such as skin or the eye where they provide systemic photoprotection. beta-Carotene and lycopene prevent UV-induced erythema formation. Likewise, dietary flavanols exhibit photoprotection. After about 10-12 weeks of dietary intervention, a decrease in the sensitivity toward UV-induced erythema was observed in volunteers. Dietary micronutrients may contribute to life-long protection against harmful UV radiation.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17914160 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
126: Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2007 Sep-Oct;14(5):288-98.
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Intake of zinc and antioxidant micronutrients and early age-related maculopathy lesions.
Morris MS, Jacques PF, Chylack LT, Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Hubbard LD, Taylor A.
Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA. martha.morris@tufts.edu
BACKGROUND: Macular degeneration, the end stage of age-related maculopathy (ARM), is the leading cause of legal blindness worldwide, and few modifiable risk factors are known. The high concentration of carotenoids in the macula, plus evidence linking oxidative stress to ARM and carotenoids to antioxidation, generated the hypothesis that higher antioxidant intakes can prevent ARM. Results of observational and intervention studies have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations between intakes of zinc and antioxidant micronutrients and early ARM. METHODS: Between 1993 and 1995, ARM was assessed in 398 Boston-area women aged 53-74 y using the Wisconsin Age-related Maculopathy System of grading retinal fundus photographs. The women were a subset of the Nurses' Health Study cohort. Micronutrient intake was assessed by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires administered four times between 1980 and the baseline eye examinations. RESULTS: After multivariate adjustment for potential confounders, 1980 energy-adjusted intakes of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, total retinol, total vitamin A, and total vitamin E were significantly inversely related to the prevalence of pigmentary abnormalities (PA). Furthermore, increasing frequency of consuming foods high in alpha-or beta-carotene was associated with lower odds of PA; compared to women consuming these foods < 5 times/wk, odds ratios (95% CI) were 0.7 (0.3-1.6) for 5-6 times/wk, 0.6 (0.2-1.3) for 7-9.5 times/wk, and 0.3 (0.1-0.7)for > or =10 times/wk. Lutein/zeaxanthin intakes and more recent intakes of most carotenoids were unrelated to PA, and intakes of zinc and antioxidant micronutrients were unrelated to having large or intermediate drusen alone.
Publication Types:
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
PMID: 17994438 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
127: Trends Biotechnol. 2007 Sep;25(9):417-24. Epub 2007 Aug 2.
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Engineering microbial cell factories for biosynthesis of isoprenoid molecules: beyond lycopene.
Klein-Marcuschamer D, Ajikumar PK, Stephanopoulos G.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
The isoprenoid superfamily of compounds holds great potential for delivering commercial therapeutics, neutraceuticals and fine chemicals. As such, it has attracted widespread attention and prompted research aimed at metabolic engineering of the pathway for isoprenoid overproduction. The carotenoids in particular, because of their convenient colorimetric screening properties, have facilitated the investigation of new tools for pathway optimization. Because all isoprenoids share common metabolic precursors, genetic platforms resulting from work with carotenoids can be applied to the biosynthesis of other valuable products. In this review we summarize the many tools and methods that have been developed for isoprenoid pathway engineering, and the potential of these technologies for producing other molecules of this family, especially terpenoids.
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PMID: 17681626 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
128: Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Aug 15;57(6):953-62.
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Antioxidants and other novel cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis in a large population sample.
De Pablo P, Dietrich T, Karlson EW.
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. paoladepablo@post.harvard.edu
OBJECTIVE: To compare antioxidants and other novel and traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in participants with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and non-RA controls in a large population sample. METHODS: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III) was a cross-sectional population survey in which subjects ages >or=60 underwent a musculoskeletal examination. RA subjects were defined as those who met >or=3 of 6 available 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. Non-RA subjects were defined as those who met no ACR criteria. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses of the association between RA and each novel and traditional CVD risk factor in RA versus non-RA subjects. RESULTS: The sample included 5,302 subjects ages >or=60, with 131 (2.5%) RA and 4,444 (84%) non-RA participants. A total of 727 subjects were excluded. Plasma levels of antioxidants alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene were significantly lower in RA subjects compared with non-RA subjects in multivariate analysis adjusting for potential confounders. Compared with non-RA participants, RA subjects were more likely to have increased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in multivariate analysis adjusting for potential confounders. RA and non-RA participants had similar prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors and previous CVD. CONCLUSION: In this large population study, RA subjects had similar prevalence of previous CVD and traditional CVD risk factors as controls. Among novel CVD risk factors, plasma carotenoid levels were significantly lower and CRP level was significantly higher in RA compared with non-RA subjects after adjustment for potential confounders. Further research should evaluate whether these differences account for the observed increased incidence of CVD in individuals with RA.
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PMID: 17665477 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
129: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Aug 8;55(16):6475-81. Epub 2007 Jul 13.
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Contribution of tomato phenolics to antioxidation and down-regulation of blood lipids.
Shen YC, Chen SL, Wang CK.
Graduate Institute of Nutritional Science, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University 110, Sec. 1, Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
This study was performed to understand the characteristics and biological activities of phenolics in tomatoes and to examine the effect of tomato on the regulation of blood lipids. Tomatoes of both big and small sizes were used fresh, after blanching, or after blanching and heating. Moreover, a human clinical trial was conducted to examine plasma antioxidation, status of blood lipids, and phenolic responses after ingestion of fresh tomato, tomato juice, and a lycopene drink. The contents of tomato phenolics were increased by 34% for small tomato and by 23% for big tomato after treatment by blanching and heating at 100 degrees C for 30 min. Tomato phenolics showed fair antioxidant activity (57-71%) and also synergistically promoted the antioxidation (81-100%) of tomato carotenoids. In the human clinical study, total antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in plasma were increased after administration of fresh tomato and tomato juice, but no significant difference was found for lycopene drink consumption. Triglyceride levels and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased after administration of fresh tomato and tomato juice, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased.
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PMID: 17629300 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
130: Biol Trace Elem Res. 2007 Aug;118(2):175-83.
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Oral administration of lycopene reverses cadmium-suppressed body weight loss and lipid peroxidation in rats.
Rencuzogullari N, Erdogan S.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Tayfur Sokmen Campus, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey.
Cadmium (Cd) exposure has been recognized to result in a wide variety of cellular responses, including oxidative stress and body weight loss. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of lycopene supplementation on the antioxidant defense system, lipid peroxidation (LPO) level, nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production, and body weight in Cd-exposed rats. Animals were divided into four groups (n = 7): control, Cd-treated, Cd plus lycopene-treated, and lycopene-treated. Cadmium (as CdCl2) was administrated orally for 20 days (6.6 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), and lycopene (10 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) was similarly administered. Lycopene administration significantly suppressed Cd-induced LPO in plasma and kidney homogenates. Lycopene also reversed Cd-decreased body weight compared to the control. Cadmium treatment had diverse effects on the antioxidant enzyme activities. Although antioxidant superoxide dismutase activity was unchanged, glutathione peroxidase activity was decreased, and catalase activity was elevated in kidney homogenates of Cd-administrated group. However, lycopene treatment reversed Cd-changed enzyme activities to the control level. Xanthine oxidase activity and TNF-alpha concentration were not altered by Cd administration, indicating that superoxide anion production and inflammation were not stimulated. Cadmium did not change NO levels in kidney homogenates but decreased those in plasma, and this effect was not prevented by lycopene supplementation. The result suggests that consumption of adequate levels of lycopene may be useful to prevent heavy-metal-induced LPO and body weight loss.
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PMID: 17873360 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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